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The ideology primarily associated with the leaders of the Russian Revolution is socialism. The Bolsheviks, led by figures such as Vladimir Lenin, sought to establish a socialist state in Russia, advocating for the working class and the redistribution of wealth. Their aim was to dismantle the existing capitalist structures and replace them with a system focused on collective ownership and planning.

While democracy, nationalism, and fascism were significant political concepts, they did not encapsulate the primary goals and beliefs of the Bolshevik leaders during the revolution. Democracy implies a focus on individual rights and electoral representation, which was not the primary focus during the Bolshevik takeover. Nationalism involves a strong identification with one's nation, and while there were nationalist movements during this period, they were not central to the ideology of the revolution's leaders. Fascism, which arose later in Europe, is characterized by authoritarian nationalism and is in direct opposition to the socialist ideals espoused by the Bolsheviks. Hence, socialism is indeed the correct answer, reflecting the core principles driving the Russian Revolution.